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How to Tell Leonardo from Luini























HOW TO TELL LEONARDO FROM LUINI



Isn’t it refreshing to read that there once was a man ten times greater than Leonardo?
John Ruskin wrote that, in his 1869 book The Queen of the Air.
And I can see all the Berensons and Berenson epigones raising their eyebrows.
Here we learn what Michel Foucault meant if speaking of ›discourse‹:
if we are thinking within a certain frame of reference that includes rules how to see things,
how to interpret things, how to speak about certain artists, and not to forget:
how not to speak about certain artists, we end up with stereotype valuations
that become monopolies.
And if I am recalling Ruskin’s appraisal of Bernardino Luini here, this is to remind that discourses
may be acting invisibly; and they become visible and graspable if challenged. By another
discourse. With alternative rules. With alternative valuations and interpretations.

Reminding this is not meant to value Leonardo or Luini, but to remind how different the results
of a Berensonian discourse, compared to a Ruskinian discourse may be. In terms of
what we see (and how we value).
And this is why I am assembling here some views on Leonardo and Luini. On Leonardo
compared to Luini. And on Luini compared to Leonardo.
And we may find – and this may be the wanted result here –, that
often it was – and it is – not that easy to tell Leonardo from Luini (especially if yet
our reference works of art may be mislabelled).

But some authors tried to tell one from the other; and we may use their attempts to come up
with other descriptions.
And perhaps definitions of identifiers. And perhaps valuations. Our own ones.

(On the left only pictures ascribed to Luini, on the right only pictures by Leonardo;
our title image uses a picture by Luini)


John Ruskin:

»[p. 210]

157. The best examples of the results of
wise normal discipline in Art will be found in
whatever evidence remains respecting the lives
of great Italian painters, though, unhappily,
in eras of progress, but just in proportion to
the admirableness and efficiency of the life, will
be usually the scantiness of its history. The
individualities and liberties which are causes

[p. 211]

of destruction may be recorded; but the loyal
conditions of daily breath are never told. Be-
cause Leonardo made models of machines, dug
canals, built fortifications, and dissipated half
his art-power in capricious ingenuities, we have
many anecdotes of him; — but no picture of
importance on canvas, and only a few withered
stains of one upon a wall. But because his
pupil, or reputed pupil, Luini, laboured in con-
stant and successful simplicity, we have no
anecdotes of him; — only hundreds of noble
works. Luini is, perhaps, the best central type
of the highly trained Italian painter. He is
the only man who entirely united the religious
temper which was the spirit-life of art, with the
physical power which was its bodily life. He
joins the purity and passion of Angelico to the
strength of Veronese: the two elements, poised
in perfect balance, are so calmed and restrained,
each by the other, that most of us lose the sense
of both. The artist does not see the strength,
by reason of the chastened spirit in which it
is used; and the religious visionary does not
recognize the passion, by reason of the frank
human truth with which it is rendered. He is
a man ten times greater than Leonardo; — a


»…obschon die Bildung der Hände, die etwas allgemeine Schönheit der Königstochter und ihrer Magd,
die glasige, verblasene Oberfläche des Nackten deutlich auf den Schüler hinwies.«



»…auch selbst schon an der Länge der Füsse…« (picture: Sailko)

[p. 212]

mighty colourist, while Leonardo was only a fine
draughtsman in black, staining the chiaroscuro
drawing, like a coloured print: he perceived
and rendered the delicatest types of human
beauty that have been painted since the days
of the Greeks, while Leonardo depraved his
finer instincts by caricature, and remained to the
end of his days the slave of an archaic smile:
and he is a designer as frank, instinctive, and
exhaustless as Tintoret, while Leonardo's de-
sign is only an agony of science, admired chiefly
because it is painful, and capable of analysis in
its best accomplishment. Luini has left nothing
behind him that is not lovely; but of his life I
believe hardly anything is known beyond rem-
nants of tradition which murmur about Lugano
and Saronno, and which remain ungleaned.
This only is certain, that he was born in the
loveliest district of North Italy, where hills, and
streams, and air, meet in softest harmonies.
Child of the Alps, and of their divinest lake,
he is taught, without doubt or dismay, a lofty re-
ligious creed, and a sufficient law of life, and of
its mechanical arts. Whether lessoned by Leo-
nardo himself, or merely one of many, disciplined
in the system of the Milanese school, he learns


Here we see what Morelli and his pupil Jean Paul Richter mentioned as the Luinesque ›double-ear‹
(»Doppelohr«; see Seybold, Das Schlaraffenleben der Kunst).


[p. 213]

unerringly to draw, unerringly and enduringly
to paint. His tasks are set him without ques-
tion day by day, by men who are justly satis-
fied with his work, and who accept it without
any harmful praise or senseless blame. Place,
scale, and subject are determined for him on
the cloister wall or the church dome; as he
is required, and for sufficient daily bread, and
little more, he paints what he has been taught
to design wisely, and has passion to realize glo-
riously: every touch he lays is eternal, every
thought he conceives is beautiful and pure: his
hand moves always in radiance of blessing;
from day to day his life enlarges in power and
peace; it passes away cloudlessly, the starry
twilight remaining arched far against the night,
158. Oppose to such a life as this that of
a great painter amidst the elements of modern
English liberty. Take the life of Turner […].«




(Picture: lombardiabeniculturali.it)


(Picture: pinterest.com ; relatively unknown: Luini’s privately owned Boy with a Puzzle)





1838: Johann David Passavant: »Ehe wir jedoch über den Einfluss des Leonardo auf die Maler in Mailand abschliessen, haben wir zuvor noch den Meister Bernardino Luvino [note: »Luvino ist ein Städtchen am Lago maggiore. Vasari nennt ihn irrig da Lupino.«] oder Luino zu erwähnen; denn wenn gleich Lomazzo (Tratt. p. 421) berichtet, dass jener zu gleicher Zeit mit Gaudenzio Ferrari Schüler bei Stefano Scotto gewesen, so zeigen doch des Luino Gemälde entschieden den grossen Einfluss, welchen Leonardo auf ihn ausgeübt. Jedenfalls hat er dessen Werke mit solchem Erfolge studiert, dass keiner der Leonardischen Schüler ihnen in gewisser Hinsicht näher dürfte gekommen seyn, als Luino in einzelnen Werken, die denn auch allgemein dem grossen Florentiner selbsten zugeschrieben worden sind. Auch scheint Raffael auf seine Kunst, namentlich auf die Behandlung der Gewänder eingewirkt zu haben, wenn auch nicht unmittelbar, doch durch die in alle Welt verbreiteten Marc Antonischen Kupferstiche nach dessen Compositionen. Neben dem Hinblicken nach diesen zwei grossen Meistern entwickelte Luino aber auch seine Eigenthümlichkeit, welche durch Naivität, einen grossen Liebreiz in den Köpfen und eine grosse Einfalt in seinen Anordnungen und Compositionen höchst anziehend wird. Tief charakteristisch und energisch ist er aber niemals; hiezu fehlte es ihm an Schärfe. Daher auch seine Zeichnung etwas stumpf ist, was besonders bei den Extremitäten, namentlich den Händen seiner Figuren auffällt. Sein Colorit ist dagegen blühend, sein Farbenauftrag saftig und pastos, aber etwas geleckt. Im Helldunkel ahmte er den Leonardo nach.« (Beiträge zur Geschichte der alten Malerschulen in der Lombardei, in: Kunst-Blatt 19, September 1838 [various issues], p. 295)




»…and dissipated half his art-power in capricious ingenuities« (upper picture: ticino.ch)

1855ff.: Jacob Burckhardt: »Von den mailändischen Schülern hat Bernardino Luini (st. nach 1529) bei seinen frühsten Arbeiten den Lionardo noch nicht gekannt, bei denjenigen seiner mittlern Zeit ihn am treusten reproducirt, bei den spätern aber auf der so gewonnenen Grundlage selbständig weiter gedichtet, wobei es sich zeigt, dass er mit unzerstörbarer Naivetät sich nur das von dem Meister angeeignet hatte, was ihm gemäss war. Sein Sinn für schöne, seelenvolle Köpfe, für die Jugendseligkeit fand bei dem Meister sein Genüge und die edelste Entwicklung, und noch seine letzten Werke geben hievon das herrlichste Zeugniss. Dagegen ist von der grossartig strengen Composition des Meisters gar nichts auf ihn übergegangen; man soll glauben er hätte das Abendmahl nie gesehen (obschon er es einmal nachgeahmt hat), so linienwidrig und ungeordnet sind seine meisten bewegten Scenen. Auch drapirt er oft ganz leichtfertig und gleichgültig. Dafür besass er stellenweise, was keine Schule und kein Lehrer verleiht, grossgefühlte, aus der tiefsten Auffassung des Gegenstandes hervorgegangene Motive.
Über die Umgebung von Mailand hinaus kommen nur kleinere, vereinzelte Bilder von ihm vor. Ausser den genannten (S. 863) ist das Bedeutendste die Enthauptung Johannis, in der Tribuna der Uffizien, lange dem Lionardo beigelegt, obschon die Bildung der Hände, die etwas allgemeine Schönheit der Königstochter und ihrer Magd, die glasige, verblasene Oberfläche des Nackten deutlich auf den Schüler hinwies. Der Henker grinsend und doch nicht fratzenhaft, das Haupt des Täufers ungemein edel. So charakterisirt die goldene Zeit! Der in der Nähe hängende Johanneskopf Corregio’s gehört daneben dem modernen Naturalismus an. […]«
(Source: Der Cicerone, p. 867 (p. 121 in the critical edition))




1880: Giovanni Morelli: »[…] jeder gründliche Kenner wird, auch selbst schon an der Länge der Füsse, in jenen Gestalten [of the Atlas fresco then in the Casa Melzi, Borgo Nuovo, Milan, now in the Castello Sforcesco] die Art des B. Luini erkennen; […].«
(Source: Die Werke italienischer Meister in den Galerien von München, Dresden und Berlin, p. 78, note, beginning on p. 77; Luini, and not that of Bramantino, as Crowe and Cavalcaselle had it)

»Dem Argellati zufolge (Scrip. Mediol. II, 816) war Bernardino der Sohn des Giovanni Lutero von Luino, einem Flecken am Lago maggiore. Ueber das Jahr seiner Geburt sind wir noch immer im Dunkeln; doch würde ich dieselbe jedenfalls statt in’s Jahr 1470, wie man gewöhnlich annimmt, in den Zeitraum zwischen 1475 und 1480 setzen. Auch machen, wie mir scheint, sowohl Herr Direktor Meyer als auch die Herren Cr. und Cav. (II, 43) mit Unrecht den Luini zum Schüler Lionardo’s. In seiner grossen »Beweinung Christi« […], im Chore der Kirche S. Maria della Passione zu Mailand, das wohl das älteste unter den uns bekannten Werken des Luini sein dürfte (etwa zwischen 1505-1510), erweist sich derselbe noch als ein durchaus lombardischer Meister, der auch nicht die leiseste Spur Lionardischer Einflüsse, wohl aber deutlich die Schule des Ambrogio Borgognone, nebst mannichfachen Einwirkungen des Bramantino verräth […].
Erst in seiner zweiten Manier (etwa von 1510-1520) erscheint in seinen Werken die Nachahmung Lionardo’s […].
In seiner dritten, s.g. blonden Manier (von 1520-1529) tritt Luini in seiner vollen Freiheit und Unabhängigkeit uns entgegen. In diese Zeit fallen wohl seine besten Werke, wie z.B. der Freskenzyklus im »Monastero maggiore« zu Mailand; Maria mit dem Kinde, im Besitze der Wittwe Arconati-Visconti zu Mailand; das herrliche Poliptychon in der Pfarrkirche von Legnano; die Fresken in Saronno; die drei Bilder im Dome von Como; die Fresken in Lugano. Vom Jahre 1529 an verstummt alle Kunde über Luini; er dürfte also schon in jenen Jahren gestorben sein. Die Mehrzahl seiner Bilder ist unbezeichnet, ich kenne deren nur vier, die seinen Namen tragen, und alle vier gehören seiner letzten Epoche an […; the omitted note shows that Morelli has done archival research on Luini]. Sowohl er wie auch sein Nebenbuhler Gaudenzio Ferrari sollen, nach Lomazzo, neben der Malerei auch die Dichtkunst gepflegt haben […; the omitted note deals with drawings by or attributed to Luini] […].«
(Source: op. cit., p. 478ff.)

(for Morelli, Luini and Villa Sommariva/Villa Carlotta in 1846 see by the way the introductory essay to my Giovanni Morelli monograph; and for the problem of the Leonardesque shape of ear see here)



(Picture: DS)

1907: Bernard Berenson: »[p. 117] Enough perhaps has been said to justify my want of enthusiasm for such bewitching Leonardesque heads as the »Belle Colombine« of St. Petersburg, and the »Lady with the Weasel« at Cracow, and to prepare the reader for my estimate of Luini, Sodoma, Gaudenzio Ferrari, and Andrea Solario.
Luini is always gentle, sweet, and attractive. It would be easy to form out of his works a gallery of fair women, charming women, healthy yet not buxom, and all lovely, all flattering our deepest male instincts by their seeming appeal for support. In his earlier years, under the inspiration of the fancy-laden Bramantino; he tells a biblical or mythological tale with freshness and pleasing reticence. As a mere painter, too, he has, particularly in his earlier frescoes, warm harmonies of colour and a careful finish that is sometimes not too high.
But he is the least intellectual of famous [p. 118] painters, and, for that reason, no doubt, the most boring. How tired one gets of the same ivory cheek, the same sweet smile, the same graceful shape, the same uneventfulness. Nothing ever happens! There is no movement; no hand grasps, no foot stands, no figure offers resistance. No more energy passes from one atom to another than from grain to grain in a rope of sand.
Luini could never have been even dimly aware that design, if it is to rise above mere orderly representation, must be based on the possibilities of form, movement, and space. Such serious problems seem, as I have said, to have had slight interest for any of Leonardo’s pupils, either because the pictures the master executed at Milan offered insufficient examples, or because the scholars lacked the intelligence to comprehend them. Certainly Marco d'Oggiono’s attempts encourage the conclusion that the others did well to abstain. But the subtlety of Leonardo’s modelling, at least, Luini could not resist; and as he had little substance to refine upon, he ended with such chromolithographic finish as, to name one instance out of [p. 119] many, in the National Gallery »Christ among the Doctors.« His indeed was the skill to paint the lily and adorn the rose, but in serious art he was helpless. Consider the vast anarchy of his world-renowned Lugano »Crucifixion«; every attempt at real expression ends in caricature. His frescoes at Saronno are like Perugino’s late works, without their all-compensating space effects.«
(North Italian Painters of the Renaissance)









And this is by Ruskin: After Luini (in the Chiesa di San Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore, Milan (picture: ashmolean.org).

(For Luini today see also here.)

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